Οι προκλήσεις της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης στο πεδίο της ενημέρωσης στις Νιγηριανές εκλογές του 2023: Η περίπτωση του Nigerian Fact- Checkers’ Coalition (NFC)


Δημοσιευμένα: Μαρ 4, 2025
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
παραπληροφόρηση Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη deepfakes προκλήσεις Νιγηριανές εκλογές
Ελένη Χαλικιοπούλου
Χρήστος Αντωνούδης
Περίληψη

Στόχος τους παρούσας εργασίας είναι να διερευνήσει τις προκλήσεις της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης στο πεδίο της ενημέρωσης, εστιάζοντας στις γενικές Νιγηριανές εκλογές του 2023. Το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο αναλύει τις αιτίες εξάπλωσης και τις στρατηγικές παραπληροφόρησης που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στις εκλογές, δίνοντας έμφαση στην άνοδο των deepfakes και τη συμβολή του Nigerian Fact Checkers’ Coalition (NFC), μιας συμμαχίας δημοσιογραφικών οργανισμών στη Νιγηρία και διεθνών οργανισμών ελέγχου γεγονότων, στην αντιμετώπιση της παραπληροφόρησης. Η έρευνα αναλύει τέσσερα παραδείγματα deepfake και ένα παράδειγμα social media bot, τα οποία εντοπίστηκαν από τον NFC και συλλέχθηκαν μέσα από συνεντεύξεις. Τα παραδείγματα εξετάσθηκαν ως προς τις τεχνολογίες τεχνητής νοημοσύνης που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την παραγωγή ή τη βελτιστοποίηση τους. Τα αποτελέσματα αναδεικνύουν πως οι τεχνολογίες αυτές αποτελούν μία πρόκληση για τη δημοσιογραφία καθώς, συνέβαλλαν στη δημιουργία αληθοφανούς περιεχομένου που παραπλανούσε τους ψηφοφόρους, αλλά και στον ταχύτατο διαμοιρασμό ψευδών αφηγημάτων στα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια των εκλογών.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • cclabs3
Αναφορές
Ahmed, S., Morales, M.D., Tully, M. (2022). Online political engagement, cognitive skills and engagement with misinformation: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States. Online Information Review, 1468-4527. doi: 10.1108/OIR-11-2021-0634
Assenmacher, D., Clever, L., Frischlich, L., Quandt, T., Trautmann, H., & Grimme, C. (2020). Demystifying Social Bots: On the Intelligence of Automated Social Media Actors. Social Media + Society. doi: 10.1177/2056305120939264
Beckett, C., & Yaseen, M. (2023). (report). Generating Change A global survey of what news organizations are doing with AI. United Kingdom, Great Britain: The London School of Economics and Political Science. https://www.journalismai.info/research/2023-generating-change
Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a social media bot? | Social media bot definition. CLOUDFLARE. https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/bots/what-is-a-social-media-bot/
Cunliffe-Jones, P., Gaye, S., Gichunge, W., Onumah, C., Pretorius, C., & Schiffrin, A. (2021). The State of Media Literacy in Sub-saharan Africa 2020 and a Theory of Misinformation Literacy. In Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Laws and Regulations to Media Literacy, Vol. 8, CAMRI Policy Briefs and Reports, pp. 5-96. London: University of Westminster Press. doi: 10.16997/book53
Δημούλας Χ. (2023). Τεχνολογίες συλλογής και διαχείρισης περιβαλλοντικών δεδομένων: Η Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη και οι Σύγχρονες Διεπιστημονικές Προκλήσεις. Προσκεκλημένη διάλεξη, 11ο Θερινό Σχολείο Περιβαλλοντικής Δημοσιογραφίας, 2-8 Ιουλίου 2023, Λευκωσία
Egwu, E. (2023). We can’t do this alone”: Nigerian fact-checkers teamed up to debunk politicians’ false claims at this year’s election: Journalists from CDD Fact-check, Dubawa, FactCheckHub, Cable Check and RoundCheck explained what they learnt from the process. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. “We can’t do this alone”: Nigerian fact-checkers teamed up to debunk politicians’ false claims at this year’s election | Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (ox.ac.uk)
Ekpang, J.E., Iyorza, S. & Ekpang, P.O. (2023). Social media and artificial intelligence: perspectives on deepfakes use in Nigeria’s 2023 general elections. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.59568/KIJHUS-2023-4-2-08
European Commission (2020). Tackling online disinformation. European Commission. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation
Europol. (2024). Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2024. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2813/442713.
Gillis, S.A., Lutkevich, B., & Burns, E. (n.d.). What is natural language processing (NLP)? TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/natural-language-processing-NLP
Gondwe, G. (2023). Misinformation in countries with limited technological literacies: How individuals in sub-Sahara Africa engage with fake news. A paper presentation series at Harvard with the Institute for Rebooting Social Media. Harvard Library: Office for Scholarly Communication. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37375267
Hajli, N., Tajvidi, M., Shirazi, F., & Saeed, U. (2021). Social Bots and the Spread of Disinformation in Social Media: The Challenges of Artificial Intelligence. British Journal of Management, 33(3). doi: 10.1111/1467-8551.12554
Hassan, I. (2023) Dissemination of disinformation on political and electoral processes in Nigeria: An exploratory study. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10, 2216983. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2216983
Jonathan, S., Busari, K. (2023). Machine or human interaction? Analysis of bots’ activities on Nigeria’s presidential candidates’ Twitter accounts ahead of the 2023 presidential elections. Dubawa. Machine or human interaction? Analysis of bots’ activities on Nigeria’s presidential candidates’ Twitter accounts ahead of the 2023 presidential elections - Dubawa
Jonathan, S. (2023). Typological analysis of fact-checking by the Nigeria Fact-checkers’ Coalition during the 2023 elections. Dubawa. Typological analysis of fact-checking by the Nigeria Fact-checkers’ Coalition during the 2023 elections - Dubawa
Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2024). Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition with Language Models, 3rd edition. (online manuscript). https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/ed3book.pdf
Langmia, K., & Radoli, L. (2023). Of Deepfakes, Misinformation, and Disinformation. In Langmia, K. (Ed.), Black Communication in the Age of Disinformation. Deepfakes and Synthetic Media, Vol. 1, pp. 1–13. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27696-5
Macaulay, C. (2023). Nigeria elections 2023: What you need to know. BBC. Nigeria elections 2023: What you need to know (bbc.com)
NewMan, N., Fletcher, R., Eddy, K., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2023). (report). Digital News Report 2023. United Kingdom, Great Britain: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. doi: 10.60625/risj-p6es-hb13
Nigerian Fact-checkers’ Coalition (2023). Joint Press Release: Nigerian fact-checkers fight election misinformation with Full Fact’s AI Tools. Dubawa. Joint Press Release: Nigerian fact-checkers fight election misinformation with Full Fact's AI Tools - Dubawa
Okpi, A. (2023). #NigeriaDecides2023: 10 disinformation trends in election season: Africa’s most populous country holds elections – including for president – in February 2023. So far, we’ve spotted 10 types of false information in the campaigns. Africa Check. #NigeriaDecides2023: 10 disinformation trends in election season - Africa Check
Pearson, J., & Zinets, N. (2022). Deepfake footage purports to show Ukrainian president capitulating. Reuters. Deepfake footage purports to show Ukrainian president capitulating | Reuters
Rana, M. S., Nobi, M. N., Murali, B., & Sung, A. H. (2022). Deepfake detection: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 10, 25494–25513. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3154404
Sarris, N., Hamilos, E., Palla, Z., Papadopoulos, S. (n.d.). The Deepfake Knowledge base (online guide). MedDMO. Deepfake - Online Guide (meddmo.eu)
Tijani, M., Ahmad, A., Winjobi, F. T., Ogide, V., Olatunji, R. A., Adebowale, G., Onoboh, H. A., Abba, A. I., & Iruke, C. (2023). (research report). Distorting Nigeria’s Elections? How disinformation was deployed in 2023. Abuja, Federal Capital Territory: Centre for Democracy & Development (CDD). https://www.cddwestafrica.org/reports/distorting-nigeria-s-elections-how-disinformation-was-deployed-in-2023/
Wilkinson, K. (2023). Nigerian fact checkers fight election misinformation with Full Fact's AI Tools. Google. https://blog.google/intl/en-africa/company-news/technology/nigerian-fact-checkers-fight-election-misinformation-with-full-facts-ai-tools/
Yasar, K., Barney, N., & Wigmore, E. (n.d.). What is deepfake technology? TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/deepfake